《紅樓夢》是一部古典文學(xué)名著,研讀《紅樓夢》英譯本,不但利于英文讀者了解中國傳統(tǒng)文化,也為中國的英語學(xué)習(xí)者和翻譯愛好者提供了不可多得的學(xué)習(xí)素材。一個小小的“笑”,便大有乾坤。
翻譯“笑”,能有幾種譯法?最為常見的為“l(fā)augh”或“smile”。但一個“笑”,單在中文里就有諸多衍生“大笑”、“偷笑”、“竊笑”、“咯咯笑”、“皮笑肉不笑”等等。英文同樣如此,常見的關(guān)于笑的單詞有:beam, chortle, chuckle, cackle, giggle, grin, laugh, smile, snigger, titter等。
【例1】
賈母笑道:“你不認得他,他是我們這里有名的一個潑皮破落戶兒,南省俗謂作辣子,你只叫他鳳辣子就是了?!?
譯文:“You don’t know her yet。 ” The Lady Dowager chuckled。 “She’s the terror of this house。 In the south they’d call her Hot Pepper。 Just call her Fiery Phoenix?!?
解析:chuckle:laugh quietly or inwardly,是有面部動作,低聲,開心地笑。這句是賈母向林黛玉介紹王熙鳳時的語言,當(dāng)時的心情是開心的。賈母形容王熙鳳看似貶低實則確實褒揚,也體現(xiàn)了賈母和王熙鳳之間比較親近的關(guān)系。
【例2】
寶玉笑道:“你倒比先越發(fā)出息了,倒象我的兒子?!辟Z璉笑道:“好不害臊!人家比你大四五歲呢,就替你作兒子了?”
譯文:“You’ve grown very handsome since I saw you last?!盤ao-yu grinned。 “You could almost be my son?!?“For shame!” Chia Lien chortled。 “ Your son? He’s four or five years older than you?!?
解析:grin: smile broadly, especially in an unrestrained manner and with the mouth open, 是有面部表情,不發(fā)聲,露齒而笑。chortle:laugh in a breathy, gleeful way,是有面部表情,開懷大笑。原文賈蕓最伶俐乖覺,聽寶玉這樣說,便有心攀附,認寶玉為父也無妨。寶玉笑道時,譯者選用“grin”表明寶玉只是開個小玩笑,不甚在意。而賈璉笑時,則選用“chortle”,賈璉何嘗不知道賈蕓的小心思,卻沒有點破,用玩笑的方式回應(yīng)。
【例3】、
劉姥姥也笑道:“我們莊稼人,不過是現(xiàn)成的本色,眾位別笑?!兵x鴦道:“中間‘三四’綠配紅?!眲⒗牙训溃骸按蠡餆嗣x。”眾人笑道:“這是有的,還說你的本色?!?
譯文:“We country people can only talk about the things we know,” said Granny Liu, laughing herself。 “You mustn’t make fun of me?!?Yuan-yang continued, “‘Three and four,’ green and red, in the center?!?“A big fire burns the hairy caterpillar?!?The others chortled, “That’s right。 Go on in your own way。”
解析:laugh: make the spontaneous sounds and movements of the face and body that are the instinctive expressions of lively amusement and sometimes also of contempt or derision, 有面部表情,有聲音地大笑。劉姥姥是鄉(xiāng)下人,言行舉止沒有那么多規(guī)矩,此處用“l(fā)augh”十分符合個人身份。而眾人笑道,選用“chortle”,是被劉姥姥惹笑了。
【例4】
周瑞家的道:“我的娘,你見了他,怎么倒不會說了,開口就是你侄兒?我說句不怕你惱的話,便是親侄兒,也要說和軟些。那蓉大爺才是他的正緊侄兒呢,他怎么又跑出這么個侄兒來了?”劉姥姥笑道:“我的嫂子,我見了他,心眼兒愛還愛不過來,哪里還說的上話來了?”
譯文:“Gracious me!” exclaimed Mrs。 Chou。 “What possessed you when you saw her to keep on about ‘your nephew’? At the risk of offending you I must say this: Even if he were a real nephew you should have glossed it over。 Master Jung, now, he’s her honest-to-goodness nephew – where would she get a nephew like Pan-erh?”
“My dear sister!” Granny Liu beamed。 “I was struck all of a heap at sight of her and didn’t know what I was saying?!?
解析:beam:smile radiantly, 有面部表情,卻沒有聲音地笑。此處劉姥姥因之前說了逾矩的話,所以笑聲減弱,但內(nèi)心仍然十分歡喜,所以此處使用“beam”十分恰當(dāng)。